src/Illuminate/Database/Eloquent/Model.php

<?php

namespace Illuminate\Database\Eloquent;

use Exception;
use ArrayAccess;
use JsonSerializable;
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Support\Jsonable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Support\Arrayable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\UrlRoutable;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\QueueableEntity;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\QueueableCollection;
use Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder as QueryBuilder;
use Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface as Resolver;

abstract class Model implements ArrayAccess, Arrayable, Jsonable, JsonSerializable, QueueableEntity, UrlRoutable
{
    use Concerns\HasAttributes,
        Concerns\HasEvents,
        Concerns\HasGlobalScopes,
        Concerns\HasRelationships,
        Concerns\HasTimestamps,
        Concerns\HidesAttributes,
        Concerns\GuardsAttributes;

    /**
     * The connection name for the model.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $connection;

    /**
     * The table associated with the model.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $table;

    /**
     * The primary key for the model.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $primaryKey = 'id';

    /**
     * The "type" of the auto-incrementing ID.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $keyType = 'int';

    /**
     * Indicates if the IDs are auto-incrementing.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $incrementing = true;

    /**
     * The relations to eager load on every query.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $with = [];

    /**
     * The relationship counts that should be eager loaded on every query.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $withCount = [];

    /**
     * The number of models to return for pagination.
     *
     * @var int
     */
    protected $perPage = 15;

    /**
     * Indicates if the model exists.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $exists = false;

    /**
     * Indicates if the model was inserted during the current request lifecycle.
     *
     * @var bool
     */
    public $wasRecentlyCreated = false;

    /**
     * The connection resolver instance.
     *
     * @var \Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface
     */
    protected static $resolver;

    /**
     * The event dispatcher instance.
     *
     * @var \Illuminate\Contracts\Events\Dispatcher
     */
    protected static $dispatcher;

    /**
     * The array of booted models.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $booted = [];

    /**
     * The array of global scopes on the model.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $globalScopes = [];

    /**
     * The list of models classes that should not be affected with touch.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected static $ignoreOnTouch = [];

    /**
     * The name of the "created at" column.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    const CREATED_AT = 'created_at';

    /**
     * The name of the "updated at" column.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    const UPDATED_AT = 'updated_at';

    /**
     * Create a new Eloquent model instance.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return void
     */
    public function __construct(array $attributes = [])
    {
        $this->bootIfNotBooted();

        $this->syncOriginal();

        $this->fill($attributes);
    }

    /**
     * Check if the model needs to be booted and if so, do it.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected function bootIfNotBooted()
    {
        if (! isset(static::$booted[static::class])) {
            static::$booted[static::class] = true;

            $this->fireModelEvent('booting', false);

            static::boot();

            $this->fireModelEvent('booted', false);
        }
    }

    /**
     * The "booting" method of the model.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected static function boot()
    {
        static::bootTraits();
    }

    /**
     * Boot all of the bootable traits on the model.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected static function bootTraits()
    {
        $class = static::class;

        $booted = [];

        foreach (class_uses_recursive($class) as $trait) {
            $method = 'boot'.class_basename($trait);

            if (method_exists($class, $method) && ! in_array($method, $booted)) {
                forward_static_call([$class, $method]);

                $booted[] = $method;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Clear the list of booted models so they will be re-booted.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public static function clearBootedModels()
    {
        static::$booted = [];

        static::$globalScopes = [];
    }

    /**
     * Disables relationship model touching for the current class during given callback scope.
     *
     * @param  callable  $callback
     * @return void
     */
    public static function withoutTouching(callable $callback)
    {
        static::withoutTouchingOn([static::class], $callback);
    }

    /**
     * Disables relationship model touching for the given model classes during given callback scope.
     *
     * @param  array  $models
     * @param  callable  $callback
     * @return void
     */
    public static function withoutTouchingOn(array $models, callable $callback)
    {
        static::$ignoreOnTouch = array_values(array_merge(static::$ignoreOnTouch, $models));

        try {
            call_user_func($callback);
        } finally {
            static::$ignoreOnTouch = array_values(array_diff(static::$ignoreOnTouch, $models));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the given model is ignoring touches.
     *
     * @param  string|null  $class
     * @return bool
     */
    public static function isIgnoringTouch($class = null)
    {
        $class = $class ?: static::class;

        foreach (static::$ignoreOnTouch as $ignoredClass) {
            if ($class === $ignoredClass || is_subclass_of($class, $ignoredClass)) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Fill the model with an array of attributes.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return $this
     *
     * @throws \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\MassAssignmentException
     */
    public function fill(array $attributes)
    {
        $totallyGuarded = $this->totallyGuarded();

        foreach ($this->fillableFromArray($attributes) as $key => $value) {
            $key = $this->removeTableFromKey($key);

            // The developers may choose to place some attributes in the "fillable" array
            // which means only those attributes may be set through mass assignment to
            // the model, and all others will just get ignored for security reasons.
            if ($this->isFillable($key)) {
                $this->setAttribute($key, $value);
            } elseif ($totallyGuarded) {
                throw new MassAssignmentException(sprintf(
                    'Add [%s] to fillable property to allow mass assignment on [%s].',
                    $key, get_class($this)
                ));
            }
        }

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Fill the model with an array of attributes. Force mass assignment.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return $this
     */
    public function forceFill(array $attributes)
    {
        return static::unguarded(function () use ($attributes) {
            return $this->fill($attributes);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Qualify the given column name by the model's table.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @return string
     */
    public function qualifyColumn($column)
    {
        if (Str::contains($column, '.')) {
            return $column;
        }

        return $this->getTable().'.'.$column;
    }

    /**
     * Remove the table name from a given key.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return string
     */
    protected function removeTableFromKey($key)
    {
        return Str::contains($key, '.') ? last(explode('.', $key)) : $key;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new instance of the given model.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  bool  $exists
     * @return static
     */
    public function newInstance($attributes = [], $exists = false)
    {
        // This method just provides a convenient way for us to generate fresh model
        // instances of this current model. It is particularly useful during the
        // hydration of new objects via the Eloquent query builder instances.
        $model = new static((array) $attributes);

        $model->exists = $exists;

        $model->setConnection(
            $this->getConnectionName()
        );

        return $model;
    }

    /**
     * Create a new model instance that is existing.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  string|null  $connection
     * @return static
     */
    public function newFromBuilder($attributes = [], $connection = null)
    {
        $model = $this->newInstance([], true);

        $model->setRawAttributes((array) $attributes, true);

        $model->setConnection($connection ?: $this->getConnectionName());

        $model->fireModelEvent('retrieved', false);

        return $model;
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying the model on a given connection.
     *
     * @param  string|null  $connection
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public static function on($connection = null)
    {
        // First we will just create a fresh instance of this model, and then we can
        // set the connection on the model so that it is be used for the queries
        // we execute, as well as being set on each relationship we retrieve.
        $instance = new static;

        $instance->setConnection($connection);

        return $instance->newQuery();
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying the model on the write connection.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder
     */
    public static function onWriteConnection()
    {
        $instance = new static;

        return $instance->newQuery()->useWritePdo();
    }

    /**
     * Get all of the models from the database.
     *
     * @param  array|mixed  $columns
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection|static[]
     */
    public static function all($columns = ['*'])
    {
        return (new static)->newQuery()->get(
            is_array($columns) ? $columns : func_get_args()
        );
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying a model with eager loading.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|static
     */
    public static function with($relations)
    {
        return (new static)->newQuery()->with(
            is_string($relations) ? func_get_args() : $relations
        );
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relations on the model.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function load($relations)
    {
        $query = $this->newQueryWithoutRelationships()->with(
            is_string($relations) ? func_get_args() : $relations
        );

        $query->eagerLoadRelations([$this]);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Eager load relations on the model if they are not already eager loaded.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $relations
     * @return $this
     */
    public function loadMissing($relations)
    {
        $relations = is_string($relations) ? func_get_args() : $relations;

        $this->newCollection([$this])->loadMissing($relations);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Increment a column's value by a given amount.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  float|int  $amount
     * @param  array  $extra
     * @return int
     */
    protected function increment($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
    {
        return $this->incrementOrDecrement($column, $amount, $extra, 'increment');
    }

    /**
     * Decrement a column's value by a given amount.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  float|int  $amount
     * @param  array  $extra
     * @return int
     */
    protected function decrement($column, $amount = 1, array $extra = [])
    {
        return $this->incrementOrDecrement($column, $amount, $extra, 'decrement');
    }

    /**
     * Run the increment or decrement method on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  float|int  $amount
     * @param  array  $extra
     * @param  string  $method
     * @return int
     */
    protected function incrementOrDecrement($column, $amount, $extra, $method)
    {
        $query = $this->newQuery();

        if (! $this->exists) {
            return $query->{$method}($column, $amount, $extra);
        }

        $this->incrementOrDecrementAttributeValue($column, $amount, $extra, $method);

        return $query->where(
            $this->getKeyName(), $this->getKey()
        )->{$method}($column, $amount, $extra);
    }

    /**
     * Increment the underlying attribute value and sync with original.
     *
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  float|int  $amount
     * @param  array  $extra
     * @param  string  $method
     * @return void
     */
    protected function incrementOrDecrementAttributeValue($column, $amount, $extra, $method)
    {
        $this->{$column} = $this->{$column} + ($method == 'increment' ? $amount : $amount * -1);

        $this->forceFill($extra);

        $this->syncOriginalAttribute($column);
    }

    /**
     * Update the model in the database.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     */
    public function update(array $attributes = [], array $options = [])
    {
        if (! $this->exists) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this->fill($attributes)->save($options);
    }

    /**
     * Save the model and all of its relationships.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function push()
    {
        if (! $this->save()) {
            return false;
        }

        // To sync all of the relationships to the database, we will simply spin through
        // the relationships and save each model via this "push" method, which allows
        // us to recurse into all of these nested relations for the model instance.
        foreach ($this->relations as $models) {
            $models = $models instanceof Collection
                        ? $models->all() : [$models];

            foreach (array_filter($models) as $model) {
                if (! $model->push()) {
                    return false;
                }
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Save the model to the database.
     *
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     */
    public function save(array $options = [])
    {
        $query = $this->newModelQuery();

        // If the "saving" event returns false we'll bail out of the save and return
        // false, indicating that the save failed. This provides a chance for any
        // listeners to cancel save operations if validations fail or whatever.
        if ($this->fireModelEvent('saving') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // If the model already exists in the database we can just update our record
        // that is already in this database using the current IDs in this "where"
        // clause to only update this model. Otherwise, we'll just insert them.
        if ($this->exists) {
            $saved = $this->isDirty() ?
                        $this->performUpdate($query) : true;
        }

        // If the model is brand new, we'll insert it into our database and set the
        // ID attribute on the model to the value of the newly inserted row's ID
        // which is typically an auto-increment value managed by the database.
        else {
            $saved = $this->performInsert($query);

            if (! $this->getConnectionName() &&
                $connection = $query->getConnection()) {
                $this->setConnection($connection->getName());
            }
        }

        // If the model is successfully saved, we need to do a few more things once
        // that is done. We will call the "saved" method here to run any actions
        // we need to happen after a model gets successfully saved right here.
        if ($saved) {
            $this->finishSave($options);
        }

        return $saved;
    }

    /**
     * Save the model to the database using transaction.
     *
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return bool
     *
     * @throws \Throwable
     */
    public function saveOrFail(array $options = [])
    {
        return $this->getConnection()->transaction(function () use ($options) {
            return $this->save($options);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Perform any actions that are necessary after the model is saved.
     *
     * @param  array  $options
     * @return void
     */
    protected function finishSave(array $options)
    {
        $this->fireModelEvent('saved', false);

        if ($this->isDirty() && ($options['touch'] ?? true)) {
            $this->touchOwners();
        }

        $this->syncOriginal();
    }

    /**
     * Perform a model update operation.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function performUpdate(Builder $query)
    {
        // If the updating event returns false, we will cancel the update operation so
        // developers can hook Validation systems into their models and cancel this
        // operation if the model does not pass validation. Otherwise, we update.
        if ($this->fireModelEvent('updating') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // First we need to create a fresh query instance and touch the creation and
        // update timestamp on the model which are maintained by us for developer
        // convenience. Then we will just continue saving the model instances.
        if ($this->usesTimestamps()) {
            $this->updateTimestamps();
        }

        // Once we have run the update operation, we will fire the "updated" event for
        // this model instance. This will allow developers to hook into these after
        // models are updated, giving them a chance to do any special processing.
        $dirty = $this->getDirty();

        if (count($dirty) > 0) {
            $this->setKeysForSaveQuery($query)->update($dirty);

            $this->fireModelEvent('updated', false);

            $this->syncChanges();
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Set the keys for a save update query.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    protected function setKeysForSaveQuery(Builder $query)
    {
        $query->where($this->getKeyName(), '=', $this->getKeyForSaveQuery());

        return $query;
    }

    /**
     * Get the primary key value for a save query.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected function getKeyForSaveQuery()
    {
        return $this->original[$this->getKeyName()]
                        ?? $this->getKey();
    }

    /**
     * Perform a model insert operation.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function performInsert(Builder $query)
    {
        if ($this->fireModelEvent('creating') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // First we'll need to create a fresh query instance and touch the creation and
        // update timestamps on this model, which are maintained by us for developer
        // convenience. After, we will just continue saving these model instances.
        if ($this->usesTimestamps()) {
            $this->updateTimestamps();
        }

        // If the model has an incrementing key, we can use the "insertGetId" method on
        // the query builder, which will give us back the final inserted ID for this
        // table from the database. Not all tables have to be incrementing though.
        $attributes = $this->getAttributes();

        if ($this->getIncrementing()) {
            $this->insertAndSetId($query, $attributes);
        }

        // If the table isn't incrementing we'll simply insert these attributes as they
        // are. These attribute arrays must contain an "id" column previously placed
        // there by the developer as the manually determined key for these models.
        else {
            if (empty($attributes)) {
                return true;
            }

            $query->insert($attributes);
        }

        // We will go ahead and set the exists property to true, so that it is set when
        // the created event is fired, just in case the developer tries to update it
        // during the event. This will allow them to do so and run an update here.
        $this->exists = true;

        $this->wasRecentlyCreated = true;

        $this->fireModelEvent('created', false);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Insert the given attributes and set the ID on the model.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $query
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return void
     */
    protected function insertAndSetId(Builder $query, $attributes)
    {
        $id = $query->insertGetId($attributes, $keyName = $this->getKeyName());

        $this->setAttribute($keyName, $id);
    }

    /**
     * Destroy the models for the given IDs.
     *
     * @param  array|int  $ids
     * @return int
     */
    public static function destroy($ids)
    {
        // We'll initialize a count here so we will return the total number of deletes
        // for the operation. The developers can then check this number as a boolean
        // type value or get this total count of records deleted for logging, etc.
        $count = 0;

        $ids = is_array($ids) ? $ids : func_get_args();

        // We will actually pull the models from the database table and call delete on
        // each of them individually so that their events get fired properly with a
        // correct set of attributes in case the developers wants to check these.
        $key = ($instance = new static)->getKeyName();

        foreach ($instance->whereIn($key, $ids)->get() as $model) {
            if ($model->delete()) {
                $count++;
            }
        }

        return $count;
    }

    /**
     * Delete the model from the database.
     *
     * @return bool|null
     *
     * @throws \Exception
     */
    public function delete()
    {
        if (is_null($this->getKeyName())) {
            throw new Exception('No primary key defined on model.');
        }

        // If the model doesn't exist, there is nothing to delete so we'll just return
        // immediately and not do anything else. Otherwise, we will continue with a
        // deletion process on the model, firing the proper events, and so forth.
        if (! $this->exists) {
            return;
        }

        if ($this->fireModelEvent('deleting') === false) {
            return false;
        }

        // Here, we'll touch the owning models, verifying these timestamps get updated
        // for the models. This will allow any caching to get broken on the parents
        // by the timestamp. Then we will go ahead and delete the model instance.
        $this->touchOwners();

        $this->performDeleteOnModel();

        // Once the model has been deleted, we will fire off the deleted event so that
        // the developers may hook into post-delete operations. We will then return
        // a boolean true as the delete is presumably successful on the database.
        $this->fireModelEvent('deleted', false);

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Force a hard delete on a soft deleted model.
     *
     * This method protects developers from running forceDelete when trait is missing.
     *
     * @return bool|null
     */
    public function forceDelete()
    {
        return $this->delete();
    }

    /**
     * Perform the actual delete query on this model instance.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    protected function performDeleteOnModel()
    {
        $this->setKeysForSaveQuery($this->newModelQuery())->delete();

        $this->exists = false;
    }

    /**
     * Begin querying the model.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public static function query()
    {
        return (new static)->newQuery();
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder for the model's table.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQuery()
    {
        return $this->registerGlobalScopes($this->newQueryWithoutScopes());
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder that doesn't have any global scopes or eager loading.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|static
     */
    public function newModelQuery()
    {
        return $this->newEloquentBuilder(
            $this->newBaseQueryBuilder()
        )->setModel($this);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder with no relationships loaded.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQueryWithoutRelationships()
    {
        return $this->registerGlobalScopes(
            $this->newEloquentBuilder($this->newBaseQueryBuilder())->setModel($this)
        );
    }

    /**
     * Register the global scopes for this builder instance.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder  $builder
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function registerGlobalScopes($builder)
    {
        foreach ($this->getGlobalScopes() as $identifier => $scope) {
            $builder->withGlobalScope($identifier, $scope);
        }

        return $builder;
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder that doesn't have any global scopes.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|static
     */
    public function newQueryWithoutScopes()
    {
        return $this->newModelQuery()
                    ->with($this->with)
                    ->withCount($this->withCount);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query instance without a given scope.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Scope|string  $scope
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQueryWithoutScope($scope)
    {
        return $this->newQuery()->withoutGlobalScope($scope);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query to restore one or more models by their queueable IDs.
     *
     * @param  array|int  $ids
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder
     */
    public function newQueryForRestoration($ids)
    {
        return is_array($ids)
                ? $this->newQueryWithoutScopes()->whereIn($this->getQualifiedKeyName(), $ids)
                : $this->newQueryWithoutScopes()->whereKey($ids);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new Eloquent query builder for the model.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder  $query
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder|static
     */
    public function newEloquentBuilder($query)
    {
        return new Builder($query);
    }

    /**
     * Get a new query builder instance for the connection.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Query\Builder
     */
    protected function newBaseQueryBuilder()
    {
        $connection = $this->getConnection();

        return new QueryBuilder(
            $connection, $connection->getQueryGrammar(), $connection->getPostProcessor()
        );
    }

    /**
     * Create a new Eloquent Collection instance.
     *
     * @param  array  $models
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Collection
     */
    public function newCollection(array $models = [])
    {
        return new Collection($models);
    }

    /**
     * Create a new pivot model instance.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model  $parent
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @param  string  $table
     * @param  bool  $exists
     * @param  string|null  $using
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Relations\Pivot
     */
    public function newPivot(self $parent, array $attributes, $table, $exists, $using = null)
    {
        return $using ? $using::fromRawAttributes($parent, $attributes, $table, $exists)
                      : Pivot::fromAttributes($parent, $attributes, $table, $exists);
    }

    /**
     * Convert the model instance to an array.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function toArray()
    {
        return array_merge($this->attributesToArray(), $this->relationsToArray());
    }

    /**
     * Convert the model instance to JSON.
     *
     * @param  int  $options
     * @return string
     *
     * @throws \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\JsonEncodingException
     */
    public function toJson($options = 0)
    {
        $json = json_encode($this->jsonSerialize(), $options);

        if (JSON_ERROR_NONE !== json_last_error()) {
            throw JsonEncodingException::forModel($this, json_last_error_msg());
        }

        return $json;
    }

    /**
     * Convert the object into something JSON serializable.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function jsonSerialize()
    {
        return $this->toArray();
    }

    /**
     * Reload a fresh model instance from the database.
     *
     * @param  array|string  $with
     * @return static|null
     */
    public function fresh($with = [])
    {
        if (! $this->exists) {
            return;
        }

        return static::newQueryWithoutScopes()
                        ->with(is_string($with) ? func_get_args() : $with)
                        ->where($this->getKeyName(), $this->getKey())
                        ->first();
    }

    /**
     * Reload the current model instance with fresh attributes from the database.
     *
     * @return $this
     */
    public function refresh()
    {
        if (! $this->exists) {
            return $this;
        }

        $this->setRawAttributes(
            static::newQueryWithoutScopes()->findOrFail($this->getKey())->attributes
        );

        $this->load(collect($this->relations)->except('pivot')->keys()->toArray());

        $this->syncOriginal();

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Clone the model into a new, non-existing instance.
     *
     * @param  array|null  $except
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model
     */
    public function replicate(array $except = null)
    {
        $defaults = [
            $this->getKeyName(),
            $this->getCreatedAtColumn(),
            $this->getUpdatedAtColumn(),
        ];

        $attributes = Arr::except(
            $this->attributes, $except ? array_unique(array_merge($except, $defaults)) : $defaults
        );

        return tap(new static, function ($instance) use ($attributes) {
            $instance->setRawAttributes($attributes);

            $instance->setRelations($this->relations);
        });
    }

    /**
     * Determine if two models have the same ID and belong to the same table.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null  $model
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is($model)
    {
        return ! is_null($model) &&
               $this->getKey() === $model->getKey() &&
               $this->getTable() === $model->getTable() &&
               $this->getConnectionName() === $model->getConnectionName();
    }

    /**
     * Determine if two models are not the same.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null  $model
     * @return bool
     */
    public function isNot($model)
    {
        return ! $this->is($model);
    }

    /**
     * Get the database connection for the model.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Connection
     */
    public function getConnection()
    {
        return static::resolveConnection($this->getConnectionName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the current connection name for the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getConnectionName()
    {
        return $this->connection;
    }

    /**
     * Set the connection associated with the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $name
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setConnection($name)
    {
        $this->connection = $name;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Resolve a connection instance.
     *
     * @param  string|null  $connection
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Connection
     */
    public static function resolveConnection($connection = null)
    {
        return static::$resolver->connection($connection);
    }

    /**
     * Get the connection resolver instance.
     *
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface
     */
    public static function getConnectionResolver()
    {
        return static::$resolver;
    }

    /**
     * Set the connection resolver instance.
     *
     * @param  \Illuminate\Database\ConnectionResolverInterface  $resolver
     * @return void
     */
    public static function setConnectionResolver(Resolver $resolver)
    {
        static::$resolver = $resolver;
    }

    /**
     * Unset the connection resolver for models.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public static function unsetConnectionResolver()
    {
        static::$resolver = null;
    }

    /**
     * Get the table associated with the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getTable()
    {
        if (! isset($this->table)) {
            return str_replace(
                '\\', '', Str::snake(Str::plural(class_basename($this)))
            );
        }

        return $this->table;
    }

    /**
     * Set the table associated with the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $table
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setTable($table)
    {
        $this->table = $table;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the primary key for the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getKeyName()
    {
        return $this->primaryKey;
    }

    /**
     * Set the primary key for the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setKeyName($key)
    {
        $this->primaryKey = $key;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the table qualified key name.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getQualifiedKeyName()
    {
        return $this->qualifyColumn($this->getKeyName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the auto-incrementing key type.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getKeyType()
    {
        return $this->keyType;
    }

    /**
     * Set the data type for the primary key.
     *
     * @param  string  $type
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setKeyType($type)
    {
        $this->keyType = $type;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the value indicating whether the IDs are incrementing.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function getIncrementing()
    {
        return $this->incrementing;
    }

    /**
     * Set whether IDs are incrementing.
     *
     * @param  bool  $value
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setIncrementing($value)
    {
        $this->incrementing = $value;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Get the value of the model's primary key.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getKey()
    {
        return $this->getAttribute($this->getKeyName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the queueable identity for the entity.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getQueueableId()
    {
        return $this->getKey();
    }

    /**
     * Get the queueable relationships for the entity.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function getQueueableRelations()
    {
        $relations = [];

        foreach ($this->getRelations() as $key => $relation) {
            if (method_exists($this, $key)) {
                $relations[] = $key;
            }

            if ($relation instanceof QueueableCollection) {
                foreach ($relation->getQueueableRelations() as $collectionValue) {
                    $relations[] = $key.'.'.$collectionValue;
                }
            }

            if ($relation instanceof QueueableEntity) {
                foreach ($relation->getQueueableRelations() as $entityKey => $entityValue) {
                    $relations[] = $key.'.'.$entityValue;
                }
            }
        }

        return array_unique($relations);
    }

    /**
     * Get the queueable connection for the entity.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getQueueableConnection()
    {
        return $this->getConnectionName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the value of the model's route key.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getRouteKey()
    {
        return $this->getAttribute($this->getRouteKeyName());
    }

    /**
     * Get the route key for the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getRouteKeyName()
    {
        return $this->getKeyName();
    }

    /**
     * Retrieve the model for a bound value.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return \Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model|null
     */
    public function resolveRouteBinding($value)
    {
        return $this->where($this->getRouteKeyName(), $value)->first();
    }

    /**
     * Get the default foreign key name for the model.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function getForeignKey()
    {
        return Str::snake(class_basename($this)).'_'.$this->getKeyName();
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of models to return per page.
     *
     * @return int
     */
    public function getPerPage()
    {
        return $this->perPage;
    }

    /**
     * Set the number of models to return per page.
     *
     * @param  int  $perPage
     * @return $this
     */
    public function setPerPage($perPage)
    {
        $this->perPage = $perPage;

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Dynamically retrieve attributes on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function __get($key)
    {
        return $this->getAttribute($key);
    }

    /**
     * Dynamically set attributes on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return void
     */
    public function __set($key, $value)
    {
        $this->setAttribute($key, $value);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the given attribute exists.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @return bool
     */
    public function offsetExists($offset)
    {
        return ! is_null($this->getAttribute($offset));
    }

    /**
     * Get the value for a given offset.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function offsetGet($offset)
    {
        return $this->getAttribute($offset);
    }

    /**
     * Set the value for a given offset.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return void
     */
    public function offsetSet($offset, $value)
    {
        $this->setAttribute($offset, $value);
    }

    /**
     * Unset the value for a given offset.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $offset
     * @return void
     */
    public function offsetUnset($offset)
    {
        unset($this->attributes[$offset], $this->relations[$offset]);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if an attribute or relation exists on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return bool
     */
    public function __isset($key)
    {
        return $this->offsetExists($key);
    }

    /**
     * Unset an attribute on the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $key
     * @return void
     */
    public function __unset($key)
    {
        $this->offsetUnset($key);
    }

    /**
     * Handle dynamic method calls into the model.
     *
     * @param  string  $method
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function __call($method, $parameters)
    {
        if (in_array($method, ['increment', 'decrement'])) {
            return $this->$method(...$parameters);
        }

        return $this->newQuery()->$method(...$parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Handle dynamic static method calls into the method.
     *
     * @param  string  $method
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return mixed
     */
    public static function __callStatic($method, $parameters)
    {
        return (new static)->$method(...$parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Convert the model to its string representation.
     *
     * @return string
     */
    public function __toString()
    {
        return $this->toJson();
    }

    /**
     * When a model is being unserialized, check if it needs to be booted.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function __wakeup()
    {
        $this->bootIfNotBooted();
    }
}